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Jivanmukti concept in Hindu
Thought
“This paper will attempt to present the Jivanmukti concept in Hindu
Thought, the origination of the concept and its development will be
discussed. Much attention will be paid to the characteristics and
features of a person being in the Jivanmukti state, such an accomplished
person being known as a Jivanmukta. The paper will develop concepts
leading to the Jivanmukti state mainly from vedic and tantric
traditions. Fundamental concepts will be extracted from Jivanmukti
Viveka work (vide infra). An attempt will be made to present the
relevance today of existence of Jivanmukta people, an evolutionary
perspective as is understood by scholars of religious studies,
scientists and people of high visions of human life purpose.
According to Mumme P. (Fort A., 1996, pp. 247-248) the roots of the
concept of Jivanmukti have to be found in germ form in the Upanishads
(note 1) as they were linked to the karma (‘action and its
accomplishments’) issue. It is on this account that liberation can be
obtained by ‘burning’ karma and avoid accumulation of more actions. On
Mumme’s account, the term itself was used for the first time in works of
Advaita Vedanta school around the time of Shankara and Mandana Mishra,
famous scholars of this philosophical school around 8th century AD. The
term was definitively a subject of scholastic discussions after being
popularized by the classical yoga work Yoga Vasishtha in the 11th
century AD. The terminology has later penetrated most of the branches of
the Indian spiritual thought, and it is seen today as a concept able to
integrate them into a unifying soteriology.
Scholars will agree that the first attempt (known so far) to synthesize
the Jivanmukti concept was done by Swami Vidyaranya, a 14th century
siddha (‘saint’) who has managed to put together the core of the issues
of jivanmukti, by using primary resources available at his time. His
work Jivanmukti Viveka (‘knowledge of jivanmukti’) presents in a
comprehensive manner, fundamental quotes and commentaries from works and
categories of works like Upanishads, Dharma Shastras (‘scripture of
virtues’), Puranas (note 2), Smritis (note 3), Bhagavad Gita (note 4),
and the quintessence of yoga, the Yoga Vasishtha. JV deals
systematically with the subject of jivanmukti in its five chapters (prakaranas).
The first chapter describes the two kinds of sannyasa, vividisha
sannyasa (‘renunciation of the seeker’) and vidvat sannyasa,
(‘renunciation of the knower’) the evidence of the jivanmukti state and
the characteristics of a jivanmukta are presented from many traditional
scriptures. The second and third chapters deal with the means to
jivanmukti and videhamukti (note 5) the tattva jnana (‘the knowledge of
Reality’) and vasana kshaya (‘the effacement of latent desires’) as well
as the issue of the dissolution of the mind. The forth chapter brings
into attention the important issue of the purpose of jivanmukti. Here
are presented the five purposes, jnana raksha (‘preservation of
knowledge’), tapas (‘penance’ or ‘austerity’ performed in order to step
up the seven stages (steps) of yoga known as sapta yoga bhumis),
visamvadabhava (‘absence of controversy’), duhkha nasha (‘cessation of
pain’) and finally sukhavirbhava (‘manifestation of bliss/ serenity’).
The fifth chapter deals at length with vidvad sannyasa (‘renunciation of
the knower’) as a final stage. Information is brought step by step to
construct a spiritual path of somebody starting from preliminary stages,
to perform various activities suitable for that stage of spiritual
development to the final stage of liberation itself, i.e. the attainment
of jivanmukti state.
Four spiritual stages are enumerated by Vidyaranya (1996, p. 2), as
kuticaka (‘one who stays in the hut’), bahudaka (‘one who works
extensively doing his best’), hamsa (‘one who has attained a strong
desire for liberation’) and paramahamsa (‘one who has attained one of
the two kinds of final renunciation’). Swami Vidyaranya, makes a clear
distinction between the two paramahamsa kinds of renunciation (ibid.,
pp. 4-16), vividisha sannyasa (‘renunciation of the seeker’) as the
means to acquire knowledge (jnana) and vidvat sannyasa, (‘renunciation
of the knower’) as the means to acquire final liberation (jivanmukti).
Thus, the first one is a prelude to the second one, a jnani (‘knower’)
could become a jivanmukta (‘liberated while living’).
The JV gives abundant information of who is a jivanmukta as a dialogue
between Shri Rama who ask questions, and Vasishtha, a Brahman (note 6)
who answers to the questions. On this account Vidyaranya writes:
‘Vasishtha : He is the jivanmukta to whom this world of senses has
ceased to exist although he lives and moves in it, and only the
all-pervading vyoman i.e. Knowledge exists’ (Vidyaranya, 1996, p. 35).
‘Vasishtha: He is called a jivanmukta who is awake though in deep sleep,
for whom there is no waking state, and whose knowledge is devoid of
desires’ (ibid., p. 36).
‘Vasishtha: He is the jivanmukta who, although responsive to the spurs
of love, hate, fear and the like, is absolutely pure in heart as the
akasha (ibid., p. 37).‘
It has to be observed that the dominant issue becomes related to the
mind. It is here where the practitioner has to focus attention and
become alert. This is how Crangle summarises what is actually the
relation Brahman/ mind/ liberation:
‘Thus the object of meditation, a perceptible or an imperceptible symbol
of Brahman (note 7) determines the quality and nature of liberation.
Liberation is sought via the control of thoughts to such an extent that
they cease. Therefore, the Upanishadic belief system, it appears,
decides the character of release. In verses 6.34 (ref. MaU), thoughts
are known as samsara (‘transmigratory existence’). Mind, being the realm
of thought, is both the means of bondage and the means to liberation.’ (Crangle,
1994, p. 129). Thus ‘samadhi is attained when the worshipper, whilst
meditating on a symbol of Brahman, loses awareness of his separate
existence. As a result, individuality (i.e. subject-object
consciousness) is absorbed into the all-pervading, unitary existence of
Brahman.’ (ibid., 1994, p. 120 MaU, 6.18-20;34 is cited).
Vedic tradition is rich indeed of many accounts of liberation and means
to acquire it. In parallel, the Indian thought is also profoundly
penetrated by the tantric tradition.
Tantra tradition is equally rich in the concept of ‘liberation in life’.
About an accomplished yogi (note 8), this is what Arthur Avalon (note 9)
writes:
‘The ecstasy, which he calls "Liberation while yet living" (jivanmukti),
is not a state like that of real liberation. He may be still subject to
a suffering body, from which he escapes only at death, when he is
liberated. His ecstasy is in the nature of a meditation which passes
into the void (bhavana samadhi) effected through negation of thought (citta
vritti) and detachment from the world.’ (Avalon, 1975, p. 289)
Tantra is very much a practical way of achieving liberation for which
elaborated techniques of the yogic nature are employed. There is a
methodology to acquire those extra qualities for somebody to qualify to
be a jivanmukta, the techniques are generally known as yoga (note 10).
The extended literature on the subject of yoga brings elaborated methods
in order to optimise body and mind. A yoga practitioner is involved in
postures (Asanas), breath exercises (Pranayama), gesture of integration/
unity (Mudras), contractions (Bandhas), various practices of meditation
(Dhyana) etc. This is how Eliade (1975, pp. 199-200) writes in the
subject of yoga:
‘The ideal of yoga, the state of a jivanmukta, is to live in an "eternal
present", outside time. "The man liberated in life" no longer possesses
a personal consciousness – that is, nourished in his own history – but a
witnessing consciousness, which is pure lucidity and spontaneity.’
Yoga techniques are very much interrelated with tantric techniques. It
is in Tantra (note 11) that the concept of kundalini is firmly
established. Kundalini is seen as the evolutionary energy as power/
force resting at the base of the spinal column where is described as
being coiled three and a half times around svayambhu linga. When
kundalini is raised up through the sushumna nadi the higher levels of
consciousness are experienced as the cakras are activated until
kundalini reaches sahasrara cakra in order to be united with Shiva, the
end of the journey (note12). This can be a terrifying experience. Swami
Satyananda (1985, p. 119) gives a basic kundalini experience as
kundalini (known also as ‘the serpent power’) arises thus:
‘The serpent power is filled with divine powers at the time of
awakening; when aroused it remains in an angry mood; in its waking, the
state of the individual self is suppressed; in that state, the force
moves unobstructed. At the time of its awakening, visions of gods are
seen; visions of spirits are seen; the past is seen, impurities are
visualized.’
Furthermore when kundalini merges in sahasrara chakra ‘great peace and
contentment are experienced; the sadhaka feels full within; no desires
remain; no actions remain; no attachment, no sentiments’ (ibid., p.
120). Avalon (1975, pp. 282-283) describes what follows thus:
‘After union with Shiva, kundalini makes Her return journey. After She
has repeatedly gone to Him, She makes a journey from which, at the will
of the yogi, there is no return. Then the sadhaka is a jivanmukta.’
For a jivanmukta the ordinary perception is by far overcome, the
accomplished sadhaka is not an ordinary person anymore. The sadhaka
obtains a multilevel perception of space and is able to have a deep
communion with the whole environment of human, animal or vegetarian
kinds, a typical pantheistic credo and a soteriological approach to
consciousness downloading. Brahman is thus internalized (White D. G.,
1996, p. 212) in a practical analogy.
Classical accounts on the jivanmukti issue are very rich. The question
arising is the one or their relevance today. To what degree the modern
man can benefit from such knowledge? Put it in a more practical content,
can a man of the 21st century be a jivanmukta? I will try to make a
point on these questions.
To start with, it will be another question. All the elaborated
methodology both practical and theoretical, to acquire a certain state
of life awareness, does this make sense for the modern man? In my view,
it is much so. For, all the efforts of the naked ascetics in the forests
of India have to be relevant to the modern man, the cyber-man, as we are
marked today by the computer revolution and the explosion of knowledge.
As biology says, we are the only biological branch still evolving, as
such the brain is subject to transformation as new functions of the
brain are added. From the accounts above, a jivanmukta is able to
exercise extra function of the brain. One book that attracts my
attention through its visionary insight is by Vasile Andru (note 13).
Andru (1989, p. 153) says about the biological possibility of the
evolution of a 4th human brain:
‘It was launched the hypothesis of the emergence of a 4th human brain.
This brain will be more complex than the cortex, and has great
capacities to handle space and time. This brain will perform specific
functions, but will work in cooperation with the other three main parts
of the brain. As the evolutionary development of the cortex did not
eliminate the functions of the other ‘brains’, so the 4th brain will not
diminish their functions but reintegrate them in a new synthesis of
functionality.’
It looks to me a correct and logical statement, the above issue of
jivanmukti is a clear possibility of exercising functions prior to the
creation of the organ itself, as modern biology claims.
To conclude this paper is to say that both vedic and tantric traditions
are rich in bringing the issue of jivanmukti into light. The concept
evolved in time culminating with the synthesis done by Swami Vidyaranya
in his work Jivanmukti Viveka. There are elaborated techniques to walk
step by step on the path of becoming a jivanmukta. Kundalini concept is
very elaborated and presents a clear description of experiences that can
be fearful. Accomplished yogis have given details on methodology of
becoming a jivanmukta.
The concept that has preoccupied the Indian mind for a long time is
relevant today, as science comes up with valid arguments in sustaining
the issue of evolution. It is here that the rich information regarding
liberation, the stepping up over the present human boundaries, do make
sense. I hope a point was made in this paper, and information has
presented prospects of future study.”
Professor Octavian Sarbatoare
http://hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/essays/jivanmukti.htm
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